Phytochemical ComposiƟ on, AnƟ -Inflammatory and AnƟ -Ulcer ProperƟ es of N-Hexane Fruit Extract from Gorontula (Azanza garckeana) In-Vitro

Abstract

The research explored the phytochemical profile, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcerogenic properties of the n-hexane fruit extract of Gorontula (Azanza garckeana). Phytochemical analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and terpenoids, which contribute to the fruit’s significant biochemical activity. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed through four in vitro assays: inhibition of hemolysis, proteinase activity, protein denaturation, and membrane stabilization. The anti-ulcerogenic effect was evaluated using the H+/K+-ATPase inhibition assay, targeting the proton pump critical to gastric acid secretion. Results indicated that the n-hexane fruit extract of Gorontula exhibited dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, though its inhibition of protein denaturation was significantly lower than that of diclofenac sodium across all tested concentrations. Similarly, diclofenac sodium outperformed the extract in stabilizing human red blood cell (HRBC) membranes and inhibiting heat-induced hemolysis, reflecting stronger interference with inflammatory processes such as lysosomal membrane disruption and erythrocyte lysis. However, at 1000 μg/ml, the Gorontula extract demonstrated potent H+/K+-ATPase inhibition, comparable to omeprazole, suggesting its ability to reduce gastric acid production by targeting the proton pump’s enzymatic activity. The extract’s mechanisms likely involve interactions between its phytochemicals (e.g., terpenoids and tannins) and inflammatory mediators, stabilizing cellular membranes and inhibiting proteases that exacerbate inflammation. Its anti-ulcerogenic effect may stem from alkaloids and glycosides, which could modulate gastric pH or protect mucosal barriers. Both the Gorontula extract and omeprazole displayed robust inhibition of hemolysis, protein denaturation, proteinase activity, membrane stabilization, and H+/K+-ATPase, positioning them as candidates for novel anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer therapeutics. Further isolation and structural characterization of the extract’s bioactive compounds, alongside in vivo studies, are essential to validate these findings and develop effective biopharmaceuticals